AR vs VR vs XR: what is the difference?
augmented reality (AR) adds digital elements to the real world you can still see; virtual reality (VR) immerses you in a fully digital environment; mixed reality (MR) combines both so that virtual objects interact with real space; and XR (extended reality) is the umbrella term that encompasses all three.
Definitions
Augmented reality (AR)
Overlays digital content (3D models, information, animations) on the view of the real world, usually through a mobile camera, a tablet or see-through glasses. You still see your surroundings. More in what augmented reality is.
Virtual reality (VR)
Replaces what you see with a complete digital environment, using a headset that covers your vision. You are "inside" another place. More in what virtual reality is.
Mixed reality (MR)
Blends digital and real elements so that they recognise each other: a virtual object can rest on a real table, be hidden behind a wall or respond to your hands. It usually requires a headset with sensors and cameras.
Extended reality (XR)
A generic term for AR, VR and MR. It is used to talk about the whole field of immersive technology.
Comparison
| Aspect | AR | VR | MR |
|---|---|---|---|
| What you see | Real world + digital layer | Fully digital world | Real + digital integrated |
| Usual device | Mobile, tablet, AR glasses | VR headset | Headset with camera passthrough or see-through glasses |
| Immersion | Medium | Very high | High |
| Reach / accessibility | Very high (a mobile in your pocket) | Limited by equipment | Limited by equipment |
| Interaction with real space | Yes, basic | No (a separate environment) | Yes, advanced |
| Cost of access for the user | Almost nil | High (headset) | High |
| Typical uses | Marketing, retail, packaging, on-the-job support | Training, trade fairs, virtual visits | Industry, design, collaboration |
Business use examples
AR
- Place a sofa in the living room from the website.
- Packaging that comes to life when a QR code is scanned.
- Instructions overlaid on a machine.
VR
- Safety simulator in a plant.
- Virtual visit to a factory at a trade fair.
- Presentation of a building before it is built.
MR
- Review of an industrial design with virtual models over real space.
- Maintenance training with instructions anchored to the machine.
- Collaboration between teams with shared holograms.
Which should you choose?
- If the user is going to use their mobile and you want maximum reach: AR.
- If you need total immersion and you control the environment (training, trade fair): VR.
- If virtual objects need to be combined with physical reality precisely: MR.
- If you are unsure: start with the objective (how to decide).
Related technologies
- WebAR: AR in the browser, with no downloads (WebAR or app).
- 360º video: immersive recording, sometimes called "video VR".
- Digital twin: a virtual replica of an object or installation.
- Metaverse: persistent, shared virtual spaces (a broader and less defined term).
Key ideas
- AR adds; VR replaces; MR integrates; XR encompasses.
- AR wins on reach, VR on immersion, MR on integration with real space.
- The user's device determines the choice.
- Many projects combine several.
- Choose by objective, not by technology fad.
Frequently asked questions
Is XR a different technology?
No. It is the name that groups AR, VR and MR.
Do I need glasses for AR?
No. Most campaigns use a mobile.
Is mixed reality the future?
It is an evolving technology with strong industrial potential; today, AR and VR remain the most widespread.
And the metaverse?
It is a concept related to shared virtual spaces. It is not a synonym of XR.
More guides on this topic
How to create a business case for immersive technology
How to build a business case for an augmented reality, virtual reality or gamification project: problem, solution, costs, benefits, risks and pilot plan. With a structure.
How to decide whether your company should use AR, VR or gamification
A decision framework for whether your company should use augmented reality, virtual reality or gamification: objective, audience, touchpoint, content, budget and risk.
How to measure the ROI of immersive experiences
A framework for measuring the return on investment of AR, VR and gamification experiences: objectives, baseline, attribution, total costs, direct and indirect benefits, and time horizon.